Life expectancy in Australia

Jack Dikian

June 2011

22,637,535

Is the resident population of Australia is projected as of June 29, 2011

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised indicators of population health Australian Bureau of Statistics. High life expectancy at birth indicates low levels of infant mortality, a safe environment in which to live, a good health care system, sufficient food, and the adoption of preventative health measures.

This is a brief look at the significant increase in life expectancy in Australia over the past 125 years, some of the reasons for the increase. The life expectancy for Australians has increased by over 30 years since the late 1800s. During 1881-1890, the average life expectancy of a newborn boy was around 47 years and that of a newborn girl almost 50 years. By 2007-2009, average life expectancy had risen to approximately 80 years for newborn boys and 84 years for newborn girls.

10 percent of all deaths each year until the early 1930s was associated with infectious and parasitic diseases. Improvements in living conditions in the early 20th century led to overall lower death rates and longer life expectancy at all ages. At the same time, degenerative diseases such as heart disease, stroke and cancer replaced infectious and parasitic diseases as the main cause of death of older people in the 20^th century.

The past 20 years have seen further increases in life expectancy. These increases have been partly due to lower infant mortality, fewer young people dying in motor vehicle accidents, and fewer older men dying from heart disease. The reduction in deaths from heart disease has been linked to medical advances and behavioural changes such as improvements in diet and less smoking.

Is it possible to think about nothing?

Jack Dikian

June 2011

René Descartes is often credited with being the Father of Modern Philosophy. He broke away from the Scholastic philosophy of the time (16^th century) believing their method was prone to doubt given the reliance on sensation as the source for all knowledge.

Descartes’ strategy was to consider false any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt. Descartes sets out to find something that lies beyond all doubt. He eventually discovers the conjecture “I exist” is impossible to doubt and is, therefore, absolutely certain.

Descartes is perhaps best known therefore for the philosophical statement "Cogito ergo sum" or I think, therefore I am. Using this logic, he went on to demonstrate God’s existence and that God cannot be a deceiver… I had to wait until I was at university to do Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz.

Primary school kids in Europe have been taught Philosophy for the last 50 years, and now, in the last few years it is being taught in some NSW schools. This includes ethics, logic, political philosophy, metaphysics and epistemology.

The Philosophy in Schools Association of New South Wales is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and supporting philosophy in schools in New South Wales.

According to their website, their approach to teaching philosophy in schools encourages the development of an inquiring classroom community. Such a learning community encourages the development of:

• an inquiring outlook

• the ability to articulate problems and issues

• imaginative and adventurous thinking

• the habit of exploring alternative possibilities and different points of view

• the capacity to critically examine issues and ideas good reasoning and independent judgment

Here are a few head scratching questions to ponder over:-

1. Does the beach belong to you?
2. Is an apple alive?
3. If no one sees something, can it still be beautiful?
4. Show we ever tell a lie?
5. Does everything happen for a reason?
6. Where do you go when you’re dead?
7. Is it possible to think about nothing?
8. What do we call the future when it is in the future?

The Making of the Atomic Bomb

Jack Dikian

June 2011

I first read The Making of the Atomic Bomb, by Richard Rhodes in 1997, ten years after its first publication. Reading the account of the development of the most destructive war weapon ever to be created in 1997, I was already aware that Rhodes had received the 1987 National Book Award, the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction, and the 1988 National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction. So at the time, I knew I was about to take an 800-page journey through the science, the scientists, the historical and political need for such a weapon, and an insight into the thoughts, values and difficult moral and ethical dilemmas highly recognized scientists had to face should their work was successful.

Of course we know from history the first test atomic bomb, called Trinity, was exploded in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945. On August 6, an atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. 3 days later, another atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. On August 14, 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender to the Allies, thus ending World War II.

Reading this book again recently, I thoroughly enjoyed Rhodes’ ability to capture the twists and turns of an era in our not-so-distant past that propelled government, science and industry to muster the enormous resources of a nation in order to weaponise the theoretical possibilities of nuclear reactions.

For me, one of the standouts of this book is Rhodes’ detailed account of the countless scientists whose work eventually culminated in the making of the first atomic bomb. Rhodes provides us with the lives and work of individual scientists and weaves a thread through their contributions to convert what was initially pure scientific research into the creation of a the atom bomb.

At times, the science gets a little hairy but the reader is more than rewarded by its rich drama, suspense and surprise. For example, there was even a third ''gadget'' being readied to be dropped on Japan, even as Hiroshima and Nagasaki smoldered.

The book's bibliography is some 600 entries long, and Rhodes has fleshed out this archive by interviewing the living principals and by traveling to the sites and shrines of the atomic era.